Structures are designed and constructed to meet the customer needs & satisfaction during the designed life of the structure without signage of distress or deterioration. The customer should be delighted to use the facility with optimum maintenance.
Civil structures are generally expected to give the trouble free service throughout its designed intended life, however these expectations may not be realized in many constructions due to various factors like: Structural deficiency, material deterioration, unanticipated overloading, physical damage. Reinforced concrete structures can be under threat from a combination of insidious challenges due to environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity that lead to accelerated deterioration mechanisms like carbonation, Chloride attack, sulphate attack leading to unexpected deterioration that threaten the integrity of a vital structural asset.

Carbonation : CO2 +Ca(OH)2 > CaCO3+H2O
Reduces the pH of concrete to < 9
Normal air contains 0.04% of CO2